Abstract Ancient Greek philosophers, including Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, laid the intellectual foundation for leadership principles that continue to influence modern governance and corporate management. This article explores the impact of their philosophies on contemporary leadership models, highlighting how their ideas on ethics, governance, and organizational structure shape decision-making processes in both political and business spheres. By analyzing key philosophical concepts and their modern applications, this study underscores the enduring relevance of ancient wisdom in the ever-evolving landscape of leadership.

Introduction Leadership is a critical element in both government and corporate settings, shaping the success and direction of institutions. While leadership theories have evolved over centuries, the foundational ideas proposed by ancient Greek philosophers remain pertinent. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle introduced concepts of ethical leadership, governance, and rational decision-making that inform contemporary leadership practices. This article examines how these philosophical teachings continue to guide modern leaders in public administration and corporate management. Socratic Method and Critical Thinking in Leadership Socrates (469–399 BCE) emphasized the importance of questioning and dialogue in the pursuit of knowledge. His method of inquiry, known as the Socratic Method, fosters critical thinking and self-examination—qualities essential for effective leadership. Modern leaders, particularly in democratic governments and corporate boardrooms, employ this approach to encourage open discussion, challenge assumptions, and facilitate informed decision-making (Gini & Green, 2013). By fostering a culture of continuous learning and inquiry, leaders can make more rational and ethical decisions. Plato’s Ideal Leadership and Organizational Structure Plato (427–347 BCE), a student of Socrates, introduced the concept of philosopher-kings in his work The Republic (Plato, trans. 2004). He argued that leaders should be guided by wisdom and rationality rather than personal ambition. This principle resonates in modern governance models that emphasize meritocracy, ethical governance, and the separation of power to prevent corruption. In corporate settings, Plato’s ideas inform leadership structures that prioritize long-term strategic planning over short-term gains, ensuring sustainable organizational growth (Northouse, 2021). Aristotle’s Ethical Leadership and Virtue Ethics Aristotle (384–322 BCE) expanded upon the teachings of his predecessors, introducing the concept of virtue ethics, which emphasizes moral character and ethical decision-making (Aristotle, trans. 1999). His work Nicomachean Ethics outlines the importance of virtues such as integrity, courage, and justice—qualities that define exemplary leadership. Today, these principles are embedded in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and ethical governance frameworks, reinforcing the role of values-driven leadership in building trust and credibility (Ciulla, 2020). Application in Modern Governance and Corporate Leadership Governments worldwide adopt leadership models rooted in Greek philosophy, particularly in democratic institutions that emphasize rational debate, ethical leadership, and structured governance. Similarly, corporate leaders integrate these philosophical principles into strategic management, decision-making, and ethical business practices. The rise of transformational leadership, which aligns closely with Aristotle’s virtue ethics, further demonstrates the lasting impact of Greek thought on contemporary leadership theories (Bass & Riggio, 2006). Conclusion The leadership principles established by ancient Greek philosophers continue to shape modern governance and corporate leadership. Socrates' emphasis on critical thinking, Plato’s advocacy for wisdom-based leadership, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics provide enduring frameworks for ethical decision-making and effective governance. By integrating these philosophical insights into modern leadership practices, governments and corporations can foster responsible and visionary leadership that drives societal progress. References Aristotle. (1999). Nicomachean ethics (T. Irwin, Trans.). Hackett Publishing. Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ciulla, J. B. (2020). Ethics, the heart of leadership (4th ed.). Praeger. Gini, A., & Green, R. M. (2013). Ten virtues of outstanding leaders: Leadership and character. Wiley. Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). Sage Publications. Plato. (2004). The Republic (C. D. C. Reeve, Trans.). Hackett Publishing.